The damaged area i highly doubt was damaged by a stone, CV'S use a hardened or " annealed" surface , for the balls to ride in. When they wear they begin to look " polished" as the annealed surface starts to wear , you can even see it in the neighboring groove in the pic, this fine metal being polished off has nowhere to go and accelerates the wear. eventually you wear through the hardened surface and into the casting and its game over.
when i repack CVs if i see the surface has become polished, if it has i just replace the CV joint.
here is the one out of My Porsche to give you a better look.

The ones on my Audi have gone over 200K km before needing replacement so yes that seems early to have it go bad. I have theories as to why this one went bad so quickly but at the end of the day you need a new one ..
me personally, i don't believe in "replacement" axles . I will just put an OE joint in , but that is personal choice.
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